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Introduction: In the natural conditions first and major target for respiratory viruses (RVs) are epithelial cells. Nonetheless, recently we have demonstrated that RVs are able to infect not only epithelium, but also Human Microvascular Lung Endothelial Cells (HMVEC-L) which increased network is observed during severe asthma due to increased angiogenesis. Furthermore, on the surface of HMVEC-L we observed intense expression of aminopeptidase N (AP-N)- an entry receptor for Human Coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E). Due to the facts, that possibility of being infected by HCoV-229E should be considered and there is no research based on this model the aim of this study was to assess the vulnerability of HMVEC-L to HCoV-229E infection. Method(s): HMVEC-L was incubated with HCoV-229E (MOI 0,1;1,0;3,0) for 3 hours, 3x PBS washed and cultured for 120 hours. In relevant time points (5;24;48;72;96 and 120h) viral copy number and mRNA expression of inflammatory, anti-viral and receptor factors were evaluated in Real-Time PCR. Confocal microscopy (CM) and flow cytometry (FACS) were used to measure AP-N surface expression. Result(s): FACS and CM confirmed intense surface expression of AP-N on HMVEC-L. HCoV-229E efficiently infected HMVEC-L (604 945,5 +/-194 930,2 viral copies/mul) in 48h cultures (MOI 0,1) and induced relatively late (between 72- 96h) mRNA expression of RANTES (1181,12);IL-6 (89,6);IFN-beta (53,7);OAS-1 (64,3);PKR (11,4) and TLR-3 (42,4). Increased mRNA expression was also accompanied by protein release to the supernatants. Conclusion(s): HCoV-229E may efficiently infect HMVEC-L and induce delayed inflammatory and anti-viral response.
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Angiogenesis is a process of forming new vessels form existing ones. There are known numerous of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors and the proportion between their expression determines the enhancement or inhibition of angiogenesis. Coagulation cascade is physiologically activated as a result of trauma or tissue disruption, but pathological prothrombotic processes are also caused by inflamma-tion. It is postulated that viral infections exert a post-thrombotic effect and may increase angiogenesis. This article summarizes reports on the influence of respiratory viruses on angiogenesis and coagulation using the example of HRV and SARS-CoV-2.
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It is postulated that vaccination against tuberculosis with Bacillus Cal-mette-Gue'rin (BCG) vaccine may translate into lower incidence of respiratory tract infections by modulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by innate immune cells. This modulation may be due to epigenetic changes in these cells resulting in an increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 beta, IL-6 or TNF-alpha. It is not known whether the pulmonary vascular endothelium equip-ped with molecular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and with en-try receptors for human coronaviruses can be infected by them, or whether BCG vaccination may modulate its susceptibility to infection with these viruses. This study analyzes the effect of the HCoV 229E human coronavirus on human pulmonary vascular endothelium. Mo-reover, the influence of BCG sonicates on susceptibility to HCoV 229E endothelial infection and the generation of antiviral and inflammatory responses was assessed.
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The Coronaviridae family includes the seven known human coronavi-ruses (HCoV) that cause mild to moderate respiratory infections (HCo-V-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1) as well as severe illness and death (MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2). Severe infections in-duce inflammatory responses that are often intensified by host ada-ptive immune pathways. Proinflammatory responses are triggered by CoV entry mediated by host cell surface receptors. Interestingly, four of the seven strains use cell surface metallopeptidases as receptors. The entry receptors for specific coronaviruses are: aminopeptidase N (AP-N), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2, respectively. In addition, these receptors perform many physiological functions, including the regulation of the circulatory and immune sys-tems. Coronavirus receptors are also highly expressed in human tissues and organs (intestines, kidneys, heart, lungs). Additionally, some cy-tokines, chemokines, and other proteins and immune cells influence the modulation of the expression of coronavirus receptors. This review presents the biological role of receptor proteins in the regulation of human physiological systems, the impact of the immune response on susceptibility to coronavirus infections, and the potential effects of glucocorticosteroids (GCS) and specific allergen immunotherapy (AIT) used in the treatment of asthma and allergy on the suscpetibility to coronaviral infections.
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The Polish Allergology Society is one of the first to convene a panel of experts, who on March 30, 2020 presented a position on the management of patients with asthma and allergic diseases during the SARSCoV-2 pandemic. Most of the recommendations and opinions presented in this position remain valid until now. However, the dynamically changing epidemiological situation associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection poses new challenges for physicians in the care of asthma and allergic diseases. Numerous published clinical observations and studies provide new information on asthma and allergic diseases in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. The current document contains new recommendations in line with available knowledge and taking into account the views of other national and international organizations and societies.
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The document prepared by the expert panel of allergy/immunology specialists representing Polish Allergy Society intends to provide allergists with recommendations with respect to proper management of allergic patients during SARS-CoV-2 pandemics. Allergist should aim at reducing patient’s social interactions by replacing face-to-face visits with communication via telephone or internet. In parallel allergist is responsible for assuring that the patient is receiving proper care of underlying allergic disease. The experts panel provides eighteen recommendations for management of patients with asthma and allergic diseases during pandemics, indicating that in majority of patients asthma treatment (including inhaled corticosteroids) and allergy treatment should be continued. Specific recommendations for treatment with allergen immunotherapy and with biologics are discussed in details.
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The Polish Allergology Society is one of the first to convene a panel of experts, who on March 30, 2020 presented a position on the management of patients with asthma and allergic diseases during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Most of the recommendations and opinions presented in this position remain valid until now. However, the dynamically changing epidemiological situation associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection poses new challenges for physicians in the care of asthma and allergic diseases. Numerous published clinical observations and studies provide new information on asthma and allergic diseases in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. The current document contains new recommendations in line with available knowledge and taking into ac-count the views of other national and international organizations and societies.